Engineers today are doing more than just managing structures and specs, we’re also responsible for handling sensitive digital information that flows across teams, tools, and platforms. From BIM files and design documents to supplier data and project communications, construction has become deeply digital. But while the tech side of the industry keeps evolving, cybersecurity is often treated as an afterthought. The truth is, project data is now a target. Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) theft, ransomware attacks, and system breaches are no longer rare, they’re rising fast, and most construction teams aren’t prepared. As we move deeper into 2025, the need to secure every part of a project’s digital footprint is no longer optional. This article breaks down what engineers need to know to protect critical data, reduce cyber risks, and keep projects running without digital threats getting in the way.

okay so you want to get into a cyber security but you have been told you need to know and understand networking first well that’s what we’re going to cover in this video okay we’re going to be talking about networking for cyber security and what you actually need to know in order to break into the world of cyber security usually when you start looking into networking and networking for cyber security everything you’re gonna find is extreme overkill it’s like information that you would need to know if you were going to be a network engineer and that’s just not the case you don’t need to know an insane amount of networking in order to break into the world of cyber security and realistically there’s a very little networking you need to know in order to get certified and get into the certification realm of cyber security so in this video we’re going to be covering what you need to know for networking in the world of cyber security specifically if you’re going to be trying to get a job not working towards any certifications though this would help but more specifically what it is you need to know when you’re looking for a job or what you would need to know for a job interview so with that the first slide we are covering is networking for cyber security that is the question that’s what we want to know Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) versus User Datagram Protocol (udp) both get packaged up Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) checks for incoming packets User Datagram Protocol (udp) says ready or not here they come they just send the packets and why should you care so this is what we’re covering in this slide the first one Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) when you think of a Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) connection you’re going to hear Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) all the time and you’re going to see the question what is Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) you’re probably going to get asked in an interview question what is Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) and so Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) is the Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) is the transmission control protocol and so Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) is going to send out a synchronization packet to the server from the client and then the server will send back a syn ack so it sends back the synchronization as long as well as an acknowledgement and then the client will send back an acknowledgement and then the communication will begin to flow between the client and the server and you’re going to see this in the future and you’re going to hear it you’re going to have this question come up what is Transmission Control Protocol (tcp)Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) and so now you know it’s the sim the synack it’s the sin the synac and the ack so it’s called the three-way handshake and you will hear this again so the User Datagram Protocol (udp) it just has a request it sends out the request and it just sends out the response so what the User Datagram Protocol (udp) does is it has information it wants to send it packages it up and it just sends it some of the packets can get lost it doesn’t really care what the server or the recInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)ient of the information is has going on it just sends the information so you’re going to see Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) quite often

Understanding Transmission Control Protocol (tcp), User Datagram Protocol (udp), and Ports

The next slide Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) we already talked a little bit about the transmission control protocol what it is the it’s it’s viewed typically as the reliable delivery when Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) sends data it always receives the acknowledgement that the data was indeed received so some packets get lost the sender will actually know okay some packets was lost Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) can also handle getting data out of order and so it can organize the boxes as they show up i put the picture in here of a mail truck with the packaged up blocks boxes because this is what it’s like when data gets sent it gets packaged up and then it goes through the network to the recInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)ient so and then the boxes are unboxed and it can handle getting the boxes out of order so User Datagram Protocol (udp) we talked about this it’s connectionless it sends data and it sends it as it’s about as it’s available not relying on the receiving end it just sends the data if there’s lost data then it is lost data the delivery the Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) delivery sends the data from one Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) to another Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) so as you think about the common analogy for this is a house like you have a house and you have different rooms and you tell one of your children hey can you go to this room and get my watch they have the data get the watch and then they have the location which is the room and then they go to the room they get the watch so when you think of it in the world of cyber security you can think of ports so we have a image of ports here the ports are the rooms that are going to be receiving the data so you tell the you would tell the server like hey i want to connect to ftp and you’re gonna it’s gonna ask you for the data and a login and then it will go to specifically that port on that server and it will try to communicate so that’s how the delivery system works with the port and so when you when you want to connect to a port in Transmission Control Protocol (tcp) it will go out and see if the port is open before it even tries to connect where

Port Functions and Secure Connections

To the packets go that is supposed to be where do the packets go i have a typo the packets are sent to their specific ports on the network each port has its own assigned function ports are not always the same and can be assigned so each of the ports you don’t want to be trying to send an http request to port 22 because it’s just not going to work so you actually when you send out the request it goes to the specific port which is running specific programs to interpret the data the way that it is supposed to be sent and so each port has a specific function in this scan we have the most common ports that are labeled but you can actually assign like http to port 80 81 or 8080 or other ports you’ll see http running on random ports sometimes when you run an nmap scan you’ll also see things like ssh on port two two two two so you can assign ssh to different ports they don’t always have to be these specific ports and you will see that in the future and so when you we already talked about the mail address a little bit earlier so we’re going to skInternet Protocol Addresses (IP) that the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) secure sockets layer Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is an encrypted connection used between web servers and browsers to protect data privacy so it tells us exactly how this works we have this secure socket layer you’re going to see this again it’s going to come up specifically when you encounter a job interview or something of that nature so this image tells you kind of what happens the client sends out a request to the server the server acknowledges it and then it sends out a session key and then it encrypts the data as it transfers it back and forth the Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI) model the open system interconnection model this is something you are going to need to know especially when you’re going to be going through a job interview this is definitely going to come up this is something you’ll need to know in order to communicate with blue teamers or the client you just done a penetration test for so you have starting at layer 1 the physical and then two and is data three is network four is transport five is session and six is the presentation and seven is the application so these are the layers and you will need to know these layers actually pulled up a wire shark scan here if you look down where it says frame

Essential Networking Knowledge for Cyber Security Interviews

205 with that little arrow that is going to be your layer one because it actually tells you what’s being sent and it’s being sent this many bytes bytes i think it’s 1484 bytes and it’s being sent on a wire so that is the physical layer on this wire-shark packet and then the second is the second layer you can see the mac addresses there on the ethernet 2 you see both the mac addresses so that would be layer 2 and then the internet protocol that is being used you have the Internet Protocol Addresses (IP)s there where the packets are going to be sent with and so that’s the network layer and then you have four which is the transmission control protocol and you have the you can see the port that is being sent on and then you have the bottom secure sockets layer which is going to be layers five six and seven all wrapped up together in that one so when you look at wire-shark you’re gonna be able to see exactly how this works and so if you find a networking problem you can say hey it’s on layer three and and so you’ll need to know these layers of the Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI) model so this is something you’ll want to commit to memory so the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) or the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table you’ll see this a lot you’re going to need to know this when you’re going through your certification process the address resolution protocol so we see it maps an Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) address i have another typo you can see it maps an Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) address to a physical machine that is on a local network Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) dash a is one that you’re going to use when you have access to the windows machine that you have remote code execution on and you’ll be able to see the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table and you’ll be able to see what other machines are running on the specific network and where you can attack next Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) it creates a secure tunnel on a local network to send and receive data so what is a Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) it is a virtual local area network and so when you see these or hear about a Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) it’s going to be one specific area of a network where they can communicate different client machines or different machines can communicate to one another and you can have multInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)le Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)s on a single switch so that’s kind of what these pictures are indicating and i pulled up one where you have a Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) 1 and Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) 2 on a specific switch where Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) 1 would communicate specifically to Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) 1 and Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) 2 would be within itself so this is what you’re going to need to know on the networking side there’s more to this like if you want to know common ports commit the common ports to memory so that way when you are attacking a network you don’t have to look around and see what exactly is going on you’ll just automatically know what ports are coming those are the only things i think you’ll need to know when you come into an interview on getting a job inside cyber security specifically in the area of networking for cyber security

The Story of Anne and Online Shopping Vulnerabilities

meet anne she often shops from www.shoppingcart.com she has her information like email id address and credit card details saved on the website to enable a faster and haSecure Sockets Layer (SSL)e-free shopping experience the required information is stored in a server one day anne received an email which stated her eligibility for a special discount voucher from shoppingcart.com in order to receive the coupon code she was asked to fill in her shopping cart.com account credentials this didn’t seem fishy to her at the time as she thought it was just an account verification step

The Consequence of Falling for a Phishing Email

little did she realize the danger she would be facing she was knocked off her feet when a substantial amount of money was wInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)ed off her account how do you think this happened well yes the email she received was fake anne’s shoppingcart.com account witnessed unauthorized access from a third party this type of attack is known as a cyber attack and the person who carries it out is called a hacker could anna prevented this attack indeed she could have with the help of cyber security cyber security involves techniques that help in securing various digital components networks data and computer systems from unauthorized digital access there are multInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)le ways to implement cyber security depending on the kind of network you are connected to and the type of cyber attacks you are prone to so let’s take a look at the various

Common Types of Cyber Attacks Explained

cyber attacks that anne could have been exposed to one of the most common types of cyber attacks is a malware attack like trojan adware and spyware to name a few had ann downloaded any suspicious attachments online her system could have gotten corrupted by certain malicious viruses embedded within the attachments next is a phishing attack the type of cyber attack which ann experienced here the hacker usually sends fraudulent emails which appear to be coming from a legitimate source this is done to install malware or to steal sensitive data like credit card information and login credentials another type of attack is the man in the middle attack here the hacker gains access to the information path between ann’s device and the website’s server the hacker’s computer takes over anne’s Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) address by doing so the communication line between ann and the website is secretly intercepted this commonly happens with unsecured wi-fi networks and also through malware password attack is one of the easiest ways to hack a system here anne’s password could have been cracked by using either common passwords or trying all possible alphabetical combinations to prevent future cyber attacks and sought to implement a few cyber security practices first she installed a firewall as the name suggests it is a virtual wall between anne’s computer and the internet firewalls filter the incoming and outgoing traffic from your device to safeguard your network and they can either be software applications or hardware reinforcements secondly and implemented honeypots just like how flowers attract bees dummy computer systems called honeypots are used to attract attackers these systems are made to look vulnerable in order to deceive attackers and this in turn defends the real system in addition to these she also decided to use unique alphanumeric passwords antivirus software and started avoiding mails from unknown senders that was ann’s story cyber attacks are not just confined to

Cyber Attacks in Business: How Organizations Face Complex Threats

individuals but also to public and private organizations the cyber attacks carried out in such places are more deadly and they result in colossal losses motives of such attacks are many starting from tampering with crucial data to monetary gains let’s have a look at a few of the cyber attacks that companies are subjected to various public sector organizations and large corporations face the advanced persistent threat apt in this form of attack hackers gain access to networks for a prolonged period in order to continuously gain confidential information companies also witness the denial of service attack where networks are flooded with traffic which in turn leaves legitimate service requests unattended a variant of this is the distributed denial of service ddos attack when multInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)le systems are used to launch the attack when a hacker manInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)ulates a standard sql query in a database driven website it is known as a sql injection attack by doing so hackers can view edit and delete tables from databases amidst a plethora of cyber attacks it is indeed a challenge for organizations with several networks and servers to ensure complete security this is not an easy task and to help with this cyber security professionals are hired to work on identifying cyber threats and securing a company’s network there are multInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)le job roles in the field of cyber security if hacking fascinates you then the role of an ethical hacker is something to be explored such professionals try to a network’s vulnerabilities just like how a hacker would do but only to identify those vulnerabilities and resolve them for protection against an actual cyber attack but if you are looking to design robust security structures then the role of a security architect is more apt a chief information security officer ciso plays a crucial role in enterprise security and is entrusted with the overall safety of the information in an organization so here’s a question for you identify the type of cyber attack where the hacker’s system takes over the client’s Internet Protocol Addresses (IP) address a ddos attack man in the middle attack c phishing attack password attack give it a thought and leave your answers in the comments section below three lucky winners will receive amazon gift vouchers

with the increase in the production of global digital data it is anticInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)ated that cyber attacks will quadruple in the near future organizations are going to need cyber security professionals who can prevent these attacks a career in the field of cyber security is lucrative and a very smart decision for professionals now so what are you waiting for get certified with simply learn and become a cybersecurity expert if you enjoyed this video a thumbs up would be really appreciated don’t forget to subscribe to the simplylearn channel and hit the bell icon to never miss an update on the latest trending technologies thank you for watching and stay tuned for more from simplylearn

the construction industry is rapidly evolving with digital tools like bim and iot devices these innovations enhance efficiency but also introduce new risks such as data breaches and cyber attacks which can disrupt operations cyber security is now as crucial as wearing a hard hat on site protecting

Introduction to Building a Cybersecurity Function

Hello team welcome to my session on Coffee with Prabh and today we’re going to discuss about how to start cyber security in the organization. It is very important for you to know from zero to hero to how to build a cyber security function, cyber security program in the organization. Trust me when I basically join one company as a freelancer I have zero visibility, zero visibility about how to start cyber security in the organization. No matter I have a technical certification, I have a management certification but it basically goes waste when you basically implement on a practical level because things work differently in the practical level. So I would like to thank my friends, my colleagues who helped me to build this particular process like Mukul, Rahul sir, Suraj, Pralad. So these people are basically played a very important role to make me understand about how the things works in the industries and I can use those princInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)les to build the things and whatever the challenges I have faced I was able to overcome those challenges and I was able to build the cyber security for the startups. So I thought the struggle which I faced I’m going to share this experience with my future aspirants so that they can also use the same experience and build the cyber security in the company. So if you’re new to my channel do subscribe to my YouTube channel and click on the bell icon to make sure you should not miss my future videos on a similar topic. My name is Prab Nair. For more information you can refer my LinkedIn profile. So without wasting your time let’s start with the first part.

Cybersecurity is About Managing Risk

So it is very important for you to understand the introduction of cyber security. See what we learn in a curriculum cyber security is all about maintaining a CIA of asset but in reality cyber security is all about managing a risk. Your entire activity is around with the risk. Our presence in the company because we need to mitigate the risk. Managing a risk. So cyber security is all about identification of a risk, managing of the risk and responding to the risk. That is the most important thing we have. See when you’re creating an information security plan for a company, when you’re creating a cyber security program for a company, when you’re initiating any kind of information security initiatives, make sure it should be aligned with your risk analysis output. If it’s basically not aligned with your risk analysis output then it cannot be aligned with your business objective because any kind of initiatives you want an approval, they will ask what is the reason of introducing this. Then you’re giving a justification we’re introducing this particular solution because we have a possible risk in the assets. So make sure risk assessment is your driving factor in the organization. When you hire anyone, when you fire anyone, any kind of an acquisition happening, any kind of a diverse happening, risk assessment is the most important thing and your life is around with managing risk only.

Information Security vs Cybersecurity

Another important thing from a cyber security point of view you need to understand cyber security is the sub component. It’s a component of information security because information security is all about protection of different type of assets, all kind of assets which cover your physical security and digital security where the cyber security is cover your digital security. So the cyber security is a process by which we protect the assets from being disclosed, altered and destruction. So disclosed oppOpen Systems Interconnection Model (OSI)te is confidentiality, altered oppOpen Systems Interconnection Model (OSI)te is integrity and destruction oppOpen Systems Interconnection Model (OSI)te is availability. So by end of the day cyber security is all about maintaining a CI or protect the asset from being disclosed, altered and destruction from unauthorized and you as a CISO, you as an information security consultant also your responsibility is to protect the data because by end of the day data is the value which is generated by the organization for the organization and we have been appointed to protect the data. We have been appointed to protect the assets as it can be anything. Data is one of the type of assets which is sensitive and critical to an organization.

Understanding Sensitivity and Criticality of Data

Now when you’re talking about sensitivity, sensitivity is more concern about the disclosure and criticality is basically more about impact. Example like you running a bank. So I join as a CISO in the company and that company is basically running a financial services in one of the city. Now they holding a PI data. So that is basically sensitive because they have a concern if they fail to maintain the protection of PI data. Further it has a big impact like someone hack into the server, they hack into the PI data and they publish the entire PI data on the Reddit forum or open forum. It has a reputation impact on the bank. It has a regulatory impact on the bank. So according to that we need to protect the data. So this is basically belong to a family of sensitivity because make sure bank should not disclose this information to unauthorized user. Second is there will be some critical information because of which we have a business dependency and if that information is unavailable it has a huge impact on the websites. So as a CISO it is very important when you’re building a strategy you need to have a clear visibility about what kind of an assets the company has. Whether it is critical or whether it is basically sensitive. If it disclose what is impact, if it’s unavailable what is the impact. So that’s the most important thing we need to understand.

How to Start a Cybersecurity Program in an Organization

Now we understood the basics of cyber security. Now whenever you join any company instead of asking about all type of reports, all type of documentation first of all you need to schedule the meeting with the business stakeholders. You need to schedule the meeting with all the department heads and it is very important in this meeting you need to measure some few things that’s very important thing. Example like what business do they have. Now example when I joined one startup they are into the consulting services, they support the manufacturing units, they support the banking unit, they support some food corporations and all that. So I’m trying to understand what business do they have. My suggestion is that when you’re having a meeting with the business stakeholders and all that be like a small kid, be like a small children and understand passively what is happening. It is very important for a good CISO to have a good listening skills instead of talking skills. More you listen so you can able to react. So what business do they have, that visibility is very important. It’s not about only from a vendor certification that identify the value of the data. Before identifying the value of the data first we need to understand what business they have.

Second is how are they doing business. What is the meaning. Example like are they doing digital business, they have a digital presence, they’re generating a revenue, they’re generating a lead from the marketing. What kind of assets are involved by which they doing this business and how much revenue the business is generating. It is very important for you to understand the value of business. It is very important for you to understand the financial revenue of the business. So a good CISO is the one who can basically understand the financial sheet, balance sheet of a company not in an expertise level but at least high level because underliners you don’t know what is the value we are in taking, we cannot decide the level of controls based on impact. So it’s very important as a good CISO you need to have understanding a balance sheet. If you’re confused that it’s okay, you can involve any kind of a financial advisor by which you can basically get the understanding.

Next you need to understand what kind of a data they have. You can obtain the inventory of a data. In my next slide I will show you that how to see the inventory of data, understand where the data is recite in how many brands because you get a visibility in the first four points what kind of a business you have, what are the presents, what are the branches where we have recites. So based on that you can able to understand the data level parameter. Then how do they maintain the risk over the information system. How frequently doing a risk assessment. Do they have a dedicated person who conducting risk assessment. Is the risk assessment only limited to the system level or operation level or enterprise level. So that visibility we need. And how were they able to keep the CI of an asset. CI means confidentiality, integrity of an assets. What are the current controls they have. So it is just a high level information we have that we need to collect and we need to measure.

So what is the learning from this. So by this we can able to determine the high valuable assets and seek effective strategy to protect them. That is the reason for doing this meeting. Then we develop the organization’s understanding to manage the cyber security risk to the system, assets, data and capability. We can evaluate the effectiveness of internal systems and controls because it’s very important from this business understanding. We get visibility about what the controls are in place with their risk assessment report. We get visibility about what the current control effectiveness they have for managing a risk. Then we can able to develop the appropriate safeguard. Be aware of the risk which is posed by the assets and that visibility you will get from the senior management and from the risk owner, data owner and develop and implement the appropriate control. So this is just a high level activity you have to conduct. So this is not a correlation with the slide. It is just a high level activity you need to perform.

Asset Inventory and Risk Assessment Alignment

So as I said after having a meeting with the business owners and all that the next thing we need to do is obtain the asset inventory. So here you can see the asset inventory example we have. Now it is depending upon organization to organization how they basically maintain the asset inventory. So here we have asset number, serial number, descrInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)tion, what is the location, assigned to whom, who is the vendor, what is the purchase date, do we have a expected lifecycle, asset and date, purchase and date, expected value of end of life. It is very important in a new modern asset classification it is very important to define the MTTF, mean time to failure. So according to that we are able to replace. Then we have to understand the depreciation value. Then we need to understand the depreciation monthly value and then we need to understand the current value. See as I said after having a meeting with all the business owners and all that then only we obtain this asset inventory. Because you have to conduct a risk assessment first. Whenever you join any company after understanding a business and everything you will prepare the questionnaire. That questionnaire is basically more like a qualitative questionnaire. Qualitative risk assessment questionnaires and to validate those questionnaires more effectively it is also very important to understand what assets we have and their asset value and it can include your business values and everything. I repeat again if you join as CISO in the company the first thing is to schedule the meeting, understand the business, take your time, prepare the questionnaire and based on that you can basically do the further.

Risk Assessment Process in Organizations

Risk assessment is the first step that you do in any company when you join any company where you understand the things and everything. We also have one more example of the asset classification. Suppose this is the asset class definition. Type of data asset is financial sheet. We are giving an asset added to that. Location is India. Owner is Akash. Then asset class is application. Definition is payroll application. Asset is employee data. Asset ID 784749. Location is India. Owner is Miss Meha. So this is how we have a meeting. Now, after collecting this owner detail and their associate details, then I will basically schedule the meeting. One example I can give you. Suppose we are scheduling a meeting with the data center manager and understand how critical is the data center. I simply asked the question. So they said this data center basically handled more than 17 applications. As you can see in the sample asset inventories, they are supporting major applications. So I’m trying to understand, do they have appropriate controls? Yes, we have installed the suppression system. We have encryptions and everything. Then based on that, I will ask the evidence. If I fail to get an evidence, then I’ll basically suggest the control. So this is how I’m passively collecting and observing data to document the risk report. Asset inventory is a very important thing when you are basically initiating a risk assessment in the company.

Understanding Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Risk

Once you have asset inventory, what is the next thing? As I said, after identifying the assets and their inventory, you need to conduct a risk assessment. So in order to conduct the risk assessment, first you need to understand the basics of risk. So here what is threat? Threat is a potential for harm. Ransomware is a threat. Hacker is a threat because he might hack into my system. I can give you one layman example. We have a hacker and this is basically my server 1, server 2, and server 3. Server 1, server 2, and server 3, and all three servers hold the critical data. So now what happens is there is a possibility hacker can hack into the server. But question is how? After discovering the vulnerability. Vulnerability on the server. Vulnerability was a weak password, unpatched system. So threat is an action that exploits the vulnerability. Vulnerability is called as a weakness in the assets. Then we will analyze the risk. Risk is always called as a probability of the loss. It is not a confirm, it is a probability. One thing you need to remember. Some people look at the preceding formula for the risk and say that a missing key component is mainly likelihood and impact. Risk is not something which is confirmed. Risk is called as a likelihood. Like if I don’t wear helmet, then what is the risk? Risk of my life. But it does not happen. If it happened then it is not a risk, it is actually an impact. So we are doing a risk assessment so that we can control the further impact. Risk is the probability of a loss, which means there is some uncertainty involved. We can measure the risk by threat into vulnerability into impact or another short form is likelihood and impact. Likelihood basically means where the threat is going to exploit the vulnerability. What is the chance of that? And if it happens, what is the impact? Example, we have a server. There is a probability hacker is going to hack into the server by exploiting the vulnerability which is called a weak password, and they can perform the ransomware attack on the system by which they encrypt the data. What is the impact if this happens? The impact will be twenty thousand dollar loss. This is a probability. It is not confirmed yet. We are just doing a hypothetical scenario. According to that we can control this attack by suggesting controls. So that’s the most important thing we need to understand. Risk is always measured by the likelihood and impact.

Calculating Quantitative Risk with SLE and ALE

We have two types of risk assessment. One is called qualitative risk assessment and the second is called quantitative. With the help of qualitative, we prioritize the top five risks and then we try to do the further level quantitative impact to identify that. We use some formula for the quantitative risk impact. The first formula is SLE, single loss expectancy. The formula is asset value into exposure factor. Then we need to calculate the ALE, annual loss expectancy. The formula is SLE into ARO. One example I can give you. After having a meeting with the business owners, I identified there is a server. I discovered a weak antivirus on the server. Now what happens is there is a hacker. Hacker basically uses virus, ransomware and all that, and they try to attack my server. One attack on the server. Current value of the server is ten thousand dollar. We have this information from a business owner. We understood the server is currently generating a value of ten thousand dollar. But if there is any ransomware attack, the asset value reduces to five thousand dollar. If one attack happens, this will be the cost. The formula is SLE. Asset value is 10,000 and 50% will be the downgrade. SLE will cost me five thousand dollars. Single loss basically costs me five thousand dollar. We never take a decision based on a single loss expectancy because in that case the cost of control looks very high. Right now the cost of control suppose coming is 10,000, which is already exceeding my risk impact value. So we need to calculate the ALE, annual loss expectancy. The formula is SLE into ARO. When we talk about risk, risk is calculated based on two things. One is your historical data and second is your predictable data. I discovered in last one year this kind of ransomware attack happened seven times in a year. I am assuming in next six months also same thing happen. So we have considered a ROI seven. Seven times it happens and SLE is five thousand. So overall ALE coming as 35,000. Now it makes sense to invest the 10,000 control. We never take a decision based on the SLE. We take a decision based on ALE. When I say risk is all about likelihood and impact. So likelihood here is where we have a threat into vulnerability. What is the probability of this happening and then we talk about the impact. So that is the most important thing.

How to Perform Cybersecurity Risk Assessment Using Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

Let me repeat again. We schedule the meeting with the business owners, understand the value, we perform the qualitative risk analysis where we identify this process is very critical. Then further analysis we perform the quantitative risk analysis where we identify the asset value, we identify one attack impact value, and then I come up with this kind of a cost. That’s the most important thing. Finally what we are going to do is we create the overall parameter which is called risk equal to a universal thing. Likelihood of occurrence into cost of occurrence and third cost of protect. Cost of occurrence is your ALE and then you’re suggesting a cost of protection. Likelihood occurrence we already got the value but cost of.

Calculating the Value of a Safeguard

Occurrence here is ALE, annual loss expectancy. If this happens, then what is the impact created. So threat into vulnerability, if they’re going to exploit, this will be my ALE. To reduce the ALE, we follow this particular process. Whenever we are suggesting a control, we follow one formula there which gives the value of the control. ALE before implementing safeguard minus ALE after implementing safeguard minus annual cost of safeguard. I repeat again, ALE before safeguard, ALE after safeguard minus annual cost of safeguard. Live example is right now the ALE value coming is 35,000. After installing antivirus, the ALE after implementing safeguard, this is my probable value which is coming around ten thousand dollar. Minus the annual cost of safeguard is coming around 5,000. So whatever the value we have, that is the value of the safeguard. So if we take an example of the calculation, 35,000 minus 10,000 minus 5,000, it is coming as 20,000. That is the 20,000 dollar value of the safeguard which is basically generated by the safeguard for me. All these things will be added in the business case.

Determining the Right Risk Protection Strategy

Whenever you’re going for any kind of a risk assessment, whenever you’re going for any kind of a data security, it is very important to know what is the risk you want to protect. Is this a highest risk and the solution is cost effective? I repeat again, what is the risk you want to protect, is there a highest risk and the solution is cost effective or not. Before spending any kind of a dollar amount on the budget, you need to ask these questions. Already some data you get by doing this risk assessment. So the question is how to articulate all this data. That is the most important thing that we need to understand. So this is something is a risk matrix we have created. You can see some examples. I have taken the first column. You need to create a financial. First column you need to document the business process like financial data generated by the application one for Florida user. Then I have documented the possible threat which is called as a ransomware attack. Then we document the vulnerability. One thing you need to understand, you cannot control the threat but what you can control is a vulnerability. Because if you’re talking about a threat, threat is basically some of intent plus opportunity plus capability. You cannot control the intent and capability, but what you can control is the opportunity. So when you’re creating a cybersecurity strategy, your strategy will be based on the vulnerability. You need to patch the vulnerability. Is it clear. That is the most important thing and their associated impact. If I’m able to patch this vulnerability, automatically I can reduce the impact. Clear. Focus on the impact of cybersecurity even not how they happen. Clear. Is it clear. That is the point important we have.

Risk Assessment for Data Centers and Control Mapping

Then we have a data center one hosting a website, another critical application. So we did the understanding here that system failure, system physical access, overheating of 87-year-old. These are the possible threats we have. What we have as vulnerability is absence of biometric, no maintenance of HVAC system. The impact is basically very high or medium, whatever we have based on the risk benchmark. Then we have basically suggested the controls. As I said, your controls are basically introduced to patch the vulnerability because by patching a vulnerability you can control the threats. One thing you need to remember, if there is no vulnerability, there is no threat. If there is a vulnerability, there is a threat. Is it clear. Once you identify risk, then we need to identify the control. Summary is that when you join as a cybersecurity officer or CISO in the company, schedule the meeting with the business team, do the risk assessment like this and identify the possible risk and impact. Then you can understand what are the current controls they have, what are the current practices they have. After doing this risk assessment, one thing is that they might have a control in place or might not have a control in place. That we need to understand. That is why we move to the next step which is called as a cybersecurity maturity of an organization. As I said, you assess the risk, you identify the risk, and now you’re in a stage to identify do they have controls. Because it is not necessary that you have to start completely from the basics. You need to understand what they have, associated controls and procedures, and what we need to implement.

How to Build an Effective Cybersecurity Risk and Maturity Assessment Strategy

So this is where we introduce the cybersecurity maturity program. Cybersecurity maturity assessment is a gap analysis and risk assessment that utilizes cybersecurity best practice. As a good CISO, we will first conduct the gap assessment to understand the current state of cybersecurity in the organization. As a cybersecurity maturity assessment, they focus on specific controls that protect the critical assets, infrastructure, application, and data by assessing your organization’s defensive posture. So this is the sample we have. You can see I have organized the controls in five sections like governance control, regulatory requirement, asset management, risk management, and physical environment security. I will maintain this sheet. This is just a sample. For example, I want to validate whether they have effective governance control or not. At least annually the board or appropriate board committee review and approve the cybersecurity program. Can I have evidence like email reports and everything? If not, then I will select no. Cybersecurity tools and staff are requested through the budgetary process. Do they follow the budgetary process? I will ask for the email evidence. Do you have a formal established information security policy? Yes, but the policy is reviewed effectively, it is acknowledged, it is signed. That we need to check. So by this series of questionnaire, I will share this questionnaire with my assurance team existing security and from there I get a visibility about what current controls we have. So risk that we identify, the controls we are expecting and from this report we get a gap. I will mix all these details and build the information security plan. If any new control required, any kind of a budget and all that, then I will prepare the business case and I give the justification of the risk. If not, if existing control can work, then I will use the existing control, amend the information security plan and submit the program, submit the information security program to the senior management for approval. So question is what is the parameter of building an information security program.

So your information security program covers your six main areas: governance and policies, asset management, access control, system development, maintenance, incident response and business continuity. These are the areas we have which are based on the information security program. If you really want to know how, I have one document which gives you the visibility about risk assessment. This is the spreadsheet I use for the risk assessment. You can see the asset, we have a vulnerability, we have threats, impact area, impact controls, vulnerability, threats, vulnerabilities, whenever it has an overall risk assessment. This is how he does the things. If you’re talking about the cybersecurity maturity assessment, let me show that also. This is how you can create a cybersecurity maturity assessment just for reference. Performed, not performed. We get the visibility. That is the most important thing we have. This is all from my side. If you find this video useful, share your feedback in the comment section and let me know what is a further video you want me to make. So let me summarize again. First you join a company, schedule a meeting with the business owner. Then you get the visibility of business and asset value. Then you do the risk assessment to identify the probable risk and suggested controls. Based on that, you do the security assessment like security maturity assessment to identify what controls they have and what they need to implement. From there we get a visibility about the gaps. Merge those gaps as part of a security program. If any controls are required, then it needs to go through a budgetary approval. So we submit the business case which talks about why we need. Make sure business case can only be approved if it includes your risk analysis data. Your information security program is only approved if it’s aligned with your risk analysis data. Because risk analysis is the most important element we have which is required for your information security program to be approved. This is all from my side. Thank you for watching this video. If you find this video useful, share your network. Second most important thing is to subscribe to my YouTube channel and click on the bell icon to make sure you should not miss my future videos. Good day.

The Importance of Securing Digital Assets in Construction

Digital assets is vital to ensure safety and continuity in construction projects. Traditional threats like theft and vandalism now have digital counterparts. Data theft, ransomware, and phishing. These cyber threats can halt operations and lead to financial losses.

Shared Security Goals Between Physical and Cyber Domains

The construction sector is a target due to its valuable data and often underestimated cyber risks. Protecting this data is essential to maintain trust and reputation. Physical and cyber security share common goals. Prevent unauthorized access and respond effectively to threats. While physical threats are visible, cyber threats are often invisible and global. Human error is a critical vulnerability in both realms, emphasizing the need for vigilance and training. Ensuring all team members are aware of potential risks is crucial. Implement strong passwords, regular updates, and access controls to secure digital assets.

Building a Culture of Cyber Vigilance

Training employees on cyber security best practices is essential for a resilient culture. Create a culture of vigilance where every team member is an active particInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)ant in cyber security. By doing so, you’ll protect your projects and ensure their successful completion.

Welcome to the smart world around us organized by Smart Edu Hub. Today we’re taking a deep dive into a really interesting article called improving municInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)al responsiveness through AI powered image analysis in egovernment. It’s authored by Catalan VR. He’s at the National University of Political Studies and Public Administration in Bucharest, Romania. And just so you know, you can find a link to the full article in the descrInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)tion below. Cities face this constant stream of issues reported by citizens.

More and more that information isn’t just text, it’s pictures, visual content. And managing that, figuring out what’s important and where it is, is a huge challenge. This research looks at a smarter way using AI. What’s the core problem this research is really trying to solve? It starts with how egovernment itself has changed. We’ve moved past just basic websites. We’re into what the paper calls egovernment 3.0. Think AI, IoT, predictive services. It’s about being proactive, not just reactive. A big part of this evolution is citizens using apps, sending photos of problems they see. A cracked sidewalk, illegal parking, trash. A picture tells a thousand words. So, how does machine learning help process all these images?

The study uses machine learning specifically for image analysis. It’s not just looking at the text someone writes. It uses things like image classification. That tells you where the problem is, like identifying a pothole. And also object detection which can pinpoint where in the image the problem is or maybe identify a specific dumped item. It’s a much richer understanding than just text alone. You get pothole located in the top right corner of the image on Main Street. That kind of detail allows for a much faster and more targeted response from the city.

How AI-Powered Image Analysis is Transforming MunicInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)al Responsiveness in Smart Cities

The article mentions a case study. A practical one from a Romanian municInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)ality that’s quite forward thinking with tech. They used actual anonymized data. Over 5,700 images sent in by citizens and almost 13,000 text entries. They looked at what people were reporting. Infrastructure damage like potholes and broken benches made up the biggest chunk, about 45%. Waste disposal issues were next around 30% and the rest about 25% were things like illegal parking or miscellaneous issues. The AI system was trained on this data. On the test data, the system correctly classified the type of problem 92.8% of the time. The entire process, analyzing the image, generating the report, and preparing communication for the citizen took less than 7 seconds per case. Compared to the average manual processing time of around 8 minutes, that is a 98.5% reduction in time. It could process up to 500 cases an hour using a standard high-end laptop, a Dell XPS95 Denna.

This is practical, with high accuracy, massive speed increase, and standard hardware. For citizens, it means faster responses and feeling like your reports lead to quick action. That enhances particInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)ation. For the city, it means faster service delivery. Automated and impartial initial sorting and response can increase transparency and trust. It supports a more robust system as cities grow and demands increase. Of course, no system is perfect. The study notes challenges like blurry photos, pictures taken at night, and ensuring the AI model works across different cities. This is called generalization. How you design the automated messages back to citizens is also crucial. You don’t want it to sound robotic or give wrong information. The human touch in an automated system is still important. These are known challenges in AI implementation. The study paves the way, showing what’s possible. The potential for AI to transform how our cities operate is massive. A much smarter, more reactive urban environment.

It leaves us with a fascinating thought. Beyond just making things faster, how can this kind of AI-driven image analysis empower citizens, not just as reporters, but as active partners in co-creating and monitoring their own neighborhoods? How do we ensure their visual input shapes a public administration that’s not only responsive but also truly equitable? That’s a powerful question. How do we move from just efficiency to genuine co-creation? Thank you for that insight and for joining us on this deep dive. Like and subscribe to the Smart Edu Hub channel. The link to the full article by Kebellin Vriber is in the podcast descrInternet Protocol Addresses (IP)tion.

The purpose of security awareness training is to make all employees aware of information security policies, help us deal with problems when they arise, and to meet our compliance training requirements. We can have all the systems and technical controls.